Asian Culture and Art Studies (Motaleat-e Farhang va Honare Asiya)

Abstract Between 909 and 1135 AH / 1501 and 1725 CE, the Armenians of the Caucasus, as a small minority of the monarchy of Iran, have been engaged in politics and trade in an era that its major feature was the globalization of economy based on a set of absolutist governments. The fact that how policy making at such a level and such a range had been possible for such a limited population and what kind of political issues shaped their concerns is an essential question. An analysis of this problem through Anthony Giddens's construction theory and its complementary historical sociology makes it clear that the increasing movement of the Armenians social system towards authoritative sources and the new species of resource allocation with high-throughput capability in time-space, actualized such a possibility and, Armenians’ political issues were the result of these sources and were oriented towards the preservation of the sources and focused on their preservatio

Abstract Erecting monuments for political and cultural figures has long been a tradition in our architecture. To set up these monuments, according to the personality of the people, various symbols and signs have been used. In the contemporary history, the National Monuments Association, by building dozens of tombs and statues for political and cultural figures, has been one of the leading institutions in this field. In this respect, in 1955, the Society for the National Heritage has directed Houshang Seyhoun and Abolhassan Sedighi, two well-known artists in the field of architecture and sculpture to construct tomb and statue of Nader Shah. The opening and operation of this complex lasted until 1963.Due to special position of Nader Shah in the history of Iran and his acceptability among the masses, this action of the Association has got particular importance among the activities of the next term. In this article, in addition to analyzing the artistic aspects of the monuments, by descriptive and analytical method and using new documents and researches, it is tried to answer the question that what political and ideological goals have been pursued by the Association and the government. The findings of this study show that the Association's engagement in this action at a particular phase in Iran's history, and the king's direct and persistent support for it, has reasons far from the merely construction of a monument for a historical figure such as Nader.

Abstract Indian subcontinent in the tenth has been one of Persian language and literature flourishing centers, somewhere far from its homeland. “Golbadan nameh”, the first Persian lady_written prose, which is belonged to this period, has been written by a non-Iranian lady. Golbadan as a woman with social prestige and observer of events, left memoirs of behavior of his father, Baber, and his brother, Homayoun. But it seems that this book is more than a memoir, it seeks to highlight, hide, or change things in a feminine way. The question of the present study was what historical-cultural issues “Golbadan nameh” addressed, especially in showing the ever-hidden part of governments, namely women, the interior and their relations, from a woman's point of view and in this way how the author has presented a historical narrative of his father and brother. For this purpose, after representing the historical content of the book, two issues worth considering, the position of women in the court as well as the beliefs and rituals that are represented during the represented memories, was investigated. As a result, it was found that the characters and presented memories are usually chosen based on the family relationship with the present king (Akbar Shah) and from a feminine perspective, the author seeks to prove the legitimacy of Homayoun Shah's rule, the loyalty of his other brother, Handal, their deep intimacy, and their efforts to honor women and family relationships. 

Abstract Although the religions of Zoroaster and Buddha have common points in their teachings and beliefs, they differ from each other in religious culture, especially in the worldview of human orientation. As in Zoroastrian thought, man is called to monotheism and is in the position after God as his representative on earth. However, in Buddhism, man himself is the central subject of religion and he himself is able to reach the level of divinity, that is, the level of perfection. Accordingly, the present study, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical and comparative manner and relying on library sources, case by case study the structure of the two places of worship-holy fire temple and stupa in the two ancient civilizations of Iran and India to answer this question What characteristics are crystallized in the body and architectural space of the two Zoroastrian and Buddhist ideas to emphasize their sacredness? The results indicate that because the view of Zoroastrianism on man is optimistic and realistic in the direction of his survival, growth and movement, so the fire temple has always been built high, introverted and without any decorations. However, due to the wave of human perdition and non-existence in Buddhism, the location of the stupa is on a flat surface and has been constructed extroverted and richly decorated with physical symbols. However, both buildings have similarities in the main elements of the design and plan due to their ritual influence from each other.

Abstract Old Asia, as the largest continent of Earth, has been home to the earliest human communities who organized their ancient lives within diverse cultures. The inhabitants of Asian lands, through migration and interactions—often challenging—left profound influences on one another and were never entirely isolated. Among the deeply rooted Asian peoples recorded in history, the most renowned may be the "Aryan" people, who branched into various groups. Over time, through cultural evolution and civilization-building, they emerged prominently during a pivotal historical period marked by the rise of urbanization, governance, and the age of writing, establishing their presence in the realm of civilization. This phenomenon has been evident since the third millennium BCE. 

Abstract This article attempts to analyze how Iranian hosts and Afghan refugees are represented in the literary work "Awar-e Bi-Khorshid" by Mohammad Hadi Mohammadi, using postcolonial theory. The main question of this study is: what messages are conveyed through the depiction of Afghan refugees in the narrative of "Awar-e Bi-Khorshid," and what role does this portrayal play in constructing a new identity for Afghans in contrast to the Iranian "Others"? The hypothesis of this research is that the portrayal of Buman, an Afghan child laborer, in Mohammadi’s narrative is reflected more prominently in the narratives of Afghan writers as well. These narratives emphasize Afghanistan’s and Iran’s differing identities, races, languages, cultures, and histories, and attempt to highlight their distinctions while also addressing the marginalized position of Afghan migrants. These stories give voice to the marginalized Afghan refugee community, enabling them not only to counter opposing narratives but also to invert this subordinate portrayal and speak about their cultural, historical, and natural advantages. Their power of speech and storytelling has influenced Iranian writers’ perceptions as well, prompting them to produce their own works within such a discursive space.

Abstract Haft Peykar (aka Bahramnameh) is the fourth narrative of the Khamsa written by the classic Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi. These stories happen during seven nights on seven planets, showing Bahram with seven princesses. Each night Bahram spends his time with a different princess who tells him a story, followed by an intercourse. This paper focuses on the fourth story known as Gonbad-e Sorkh (The Red Planet) which is based on the themes of love and sacrifice. It aims to portray the hero’s movement and its compatibility with the so-called “hero’s journey” (aka the “monomyth”); a common pattern discovered by the American mythologist Joseph Campbell in the mid-twentieth century, based on the analyses of old tales, myths and epics of different cultures. This article, moreover, adopts a descriptive-analytical method in accordance with the three parts (including seventeen stages) of the hero’s journey in order to analyse the character’s movement and his obstacles. The results show that Gonbad-e Sorkh matches the monomyth pattern, excluding the third part known as “return”. The main character, accordingly, begins his journey when he falls in love with a princess, and strengthens his goal of marrying her with the idea of saving the lives of many young men who would die throughout their deadly journeys of reaching her. He finally gains his ethical goal and becomes a just saviour that can be considered an example of hero in Persian romantic literature.

Abstract Jam-e Jahannama [the Cups] of Jamshid and Keyxosro are of the most famous Cups in Iranian literary texts and narrations. Besides the description and explanation of literary, historical and fictional resources and ancient cultures, contemporary researchers from about a hundred and fifty years ago, have investigated these two famous Cups and many points in this regard have been propounded, but with more searches in different sources, there are still new documents and evidences. In this article, after a brief review of the most important theories and researches related to the Cups of Jamshid and Keyxosro, some recent or less noticeable points or evidences from numerous literary, historical and fictional references have been examined in seven sections/topics about these two Cups: 1. The origin and pattern of the Jam-e Jahannama; 2. The Ancientness, originality and independence of both Cups of Jamshid and Keyxosro; 3. How to make the Jām-e Jam; 4. Gender of the Jam-e-Jahanbin; 5. The relationship between the Jam-e Gitinama and water; 6. The end of the Cup; and 7. Commentaries on the Cup. 

Abstract The present article tries to study the analytical and cognitive symbol of the color of pomegranate film, a work of Russian-Armenian director Sergei Parajanov from the point of view of symbolic anthropology. Symbolic anthropology, which has been created along the lines of the 1970s and with the efforts of thinkers such as Geertz, Theres and Douglas in the humanities, sees culture as a set of meanings that are understood and interpreted through symbols and symbols. The cinema is also used as a textual media for transmitting cultural meanings. One of the most suitable tools for analyzing cinematic texts is the use of semiotics, which is a cohesive and fruitful way in cinematic studies. Pomegranate, a film adapted from the life of Sayat Nawa (Armenian poet of the eighteenth century), is a mixture of evangelical symbols, religious portraiture, indigenous art and Armenian folk architecture. This article is based on the Clifford Geertz view, using qualitative content analysis and library methodology, with the approach of symbolic anthropology. The findings show that Parajanov is an expensive Armenian ethnographer who has well-known ethnic and ethnic elements in Armenia, and has witnessed the transformation of indigenous, religious, and religious symbols into the life of the Armenian people during the Soviet era. He has been able to express the mystical thoughts of the Armenian poet by effectively using colloded collages. This article deals with the classification of 10 symbols and symbols in the color of pomegranate film.

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Abstract As a fundamental element in the Shiite mourning rituals, Ashura music reflects the event of Karbala and manifests deep devotion to Imam Hussein (AS) and his loyal companions. This research, adopting an anthropological and sociological approach, conducts a comparative and analytical study of Ashura sounds in the two regions of Minab and Muscat. The main goal is to accurately identify the socio-cultural dimensions of these sounds in two different cultural contexts with an emphasis on the rituals, traditions, and beliefs associated with them. The research method used is a combination of descriptive, analytical, and comparative studies that examine the meanings, concepts, and symbols hidden in the performance of Ashura sounds and their role in the social and cultural structure of both regions. This research seeks to discover the commonalities and differences of Ashurai sounds in Minab and Muscat, as well as analyze the impact of cultural, social, and historical factors on the formation and development of these traditions. The findings of this research will ultimately contribute to a better understanding of the role of Ashurai music in preserving and transmitting the cultural-religious values ​​of the societies on the Persian Gulf coast, especially in the context of preserving the Ashura epic, and can pave the way for future research in this field.

Abstract One of the main focal points of the Silk Road as the East-West communication highway is the vast land of China. The Silk Road was not only a way for China to trade with other countries, but more importantly for cultural, interpersonal and social exchanges. The most basic tools for such an exchange are language and language products. Iran is one of the greatest countries which had been crossed by the major part of the Silk Road; Iran's particular conditions, means being on the major part of the Silk Road and its proximity to China, have led to widespread cultural and linguistic exchanges between these two great civilizations. Researches have illustrated that in addition to Sanskrit, Persian Language has had profound effects on Chinese culture, especially on the ethnic Muslim minority culture of the country, which remains to this day.
Therefore, in this study, we attempt to give an overview of the first documents and signs found and remaining of Persian script and language in Chinese language, especially the first stages of teaching Persian language in this land. Persian Loanwords in Chinese language, the first translation school, and the first Persian-Chinese dictionary, “Huihui” are among these documents in China. In this study, we will analyze and examine them.

Abstract The structure and content of the story of "Bahima and Bakeh" in Mahabhart have many similarities with the story of "Zahak" in Shahnameh. In both stories, the exposed protagonist kills humans for food. People make a pact with him, provided he does not harm anyone, to prepare his daily food and send it to him. Eventually one of the people designated as the anti-hero's food (or one of his relatives) attacks the hero and destroys him. In this article, the main lines of the two stories will be studied by comparative method and their similarities and differences will be analyzed. The boldness of the similarities indicates a common origin or adaptation of one another; Which can be reminiscent of the coexistence of Indo-Iranians in ancient times. It is natural to see inevitable differences between the two stories. For example, the original and precise links that appear in Iranian myth, including the type of symbols and their connection with each other, are not seen in the Indian text. In addition, the place of each of the stories in the epic narrative, as the main story or sub-story - which itself can indicate its importance - shows that this type of rebellion against the enemy is more important to Iranians. Has been a comment. In fact, although there are many similarities in the original narration, its more accurate processing in the Shahnameh shows the originality of this narration among Iranians.

Abstract The relationship between the language and the thought in the understanding of universe has been always regarded as one of the long standing intellectual concerns in human sciences, and studying the relationship between these variables has turned into a scientific and academic activity. But according to some theories such as ‘linguistic turn’ and the related criticisms, nowadays, the language has lost its importance as a tool for thought transition and has been presented as a means for shaping and revelation of the outer world. The present article studies the relation between the human and the universe in Chinese language system and focuses on the importance of correlation between the language and the thought based on philosophical and ontological reflections in Chinese language and characters. In this article, Chinese written system, as the only universal written system which has been developed as an interconnected chain since 8000 BC and survived as a bearer for transferring Chinese culture and intellect, can now at least function in the form of Chinese civilization, as a black box in understanding and discovering human’s ontological foundations. Accordingly, in addition to studying the Chinese written system in ancient time, the present article, from a cultural point of view, tries to find that how the relationship between the human and the universe has been reflected in Chinese written system using the doctrines of some prominent contemporary language theories

Abstract The Urbanism architecture expresses in a public (ritual or control) and enduring manner the ability of an authority to control the materials, specialized power was symbolized and reinforced by the large scale on which processional ways, palaces, temple and houses were constructed.The seals and seal impression motifs are one of the resources understanding architecture this period, that in this research has been used. The research methodology is descriptive - analytical, and data this research is library. The main purposes of this research: identify the use some of the architectural structures of this period as: temples, alcazar, repository, sheepcote; understanding the differences between parts of ritual and court; understanding the reason obtained seal motifs related to repository architecture in Khuzestan.The Urbanism period was a development specific; it reached the distant frontiers of the country in what must have been a network of communication and exchange probably emanating from Susa, the basic way they symbolize power, control of which is the fundamental measure of power. A striking example of such uniformity is urbanism architecture, which is associated with all urbanism societies in ancient near East.  Urbanism architecture embraces houses, public building, Temple alcazar, repository, sheepcote; yet for all of the skills, that were invested and explain in their construction, the functional range of so “monumental architecture” found in the early civilizations was very limited. The emphasis on different types of monumental buildings also varied one early civilization to another and from region to region in a particular ancient Iranian civilization.

Abstract The Umayyad period is one of the most important historical periods in the early Islamic era because of its vast geographical area. The Umayyad conquered Eastern Roman influenced by ancient Greek and Roman art, before the advent of Islam. Therefore, Umayyad urban planning was affected by architectural and urban styles of Eastern Rome. At the same time, Islam had its influence on its architecture. This article aims to analyze urban structures of this period and examines two cities of Ramla (a new city built by Muslims) and Damascus (a city transformed by Muslims) as two major cases. The research method of this article is based on documentary examination and descriptive-interpretive analysis of various texts that have been analyzed by using qualitative strategies. The results of the study indicate that Muslims in the Levant created a kind of adaptive urbanization. It means that they often did not make major changes in conquered cities, and only adapted the urban elements to their needs.

Abstract Awakening, Enlightenment, and Modernization in Tajikistan Under the influence of the views of Ahmad Makhdum Danesh (1897-1828) and his “Navader alvaghaye began with the education movement and so far, it has gone through various periods and has taken different approaches, such as religious, secular, Marxist, nationalist, and so on. In all of these periods, Persian language and literature has been used as a vehicle or platform for the development of modernism, thinking, and related topics, or as a means of conveying the concepts and ideas of this system. In some historical contexts, the category of Persian / Tajik language, script or literature has itself become an Identity maker element for Tajik intellectuals. Therefore, using a descriptive-analytical method, this study has attempted to analyze the role and influence of Persian language and literature in the formation and continuation of modern thinking and modernization or evolution in Tajikistan. The results of the research show that Persian language and literature has become subjective and sometimes subjective in relation to modern thought and modernity in this country and its historical continuity. The results of the research show that Persian language and literature has been a method and sometimes a goal in relation to modern thought and modernity in this country and its historical continuity. Such that, most of his intellectual works and modernistic ideals were presented in genres and literary formats. In addition, in the later periods, in contrast to the emergence and power of pan-Turkism and the ignorance of the Tajik identity and historical presence in transitions or in the story of the change of Persian line to Russian or Cyrillic, the category of native language and Persian literature and the preservation of Linguistic honors and Literary legacies, as a sacred ideal, have become the main concern of Tajik intellectuals in their social struggle.

Abstract Cinema has become the most popular and influential art form in the 20th century, knowing its influence on the audience, including the female audience, seems very important.  The new research conducted in the field of epigenetics confirms the profound effects on human personality.  Epigenetics is a theory in the field of heredity that states genes have memories to record events.  This research, which is presented with the method of qualitative analysis and using the descriptive-analytical method, investigates the results of the conducted research, epigenetics, cinema on the vulnerability of women cinema audience and finally the possibility of transferring these roles including passivity and personality traits to generations.  Traits to different future generations.  The results of the analysis of the two selected target films from two different decades of Iranian cinema show that when a person is exposed to watching films in which women are shown as a passive being without decision-making power, her mind and consequently her character is significantly affected, and ultimately leads to more passivity.

Abstract Zoroastrianism is one of the oldest religions in the world that its documents are scattered in most ancient languages ​​and ancient civilizations. Now, we hear the echoes of its voice over the course of history so that it can be traced in all lands and cultures. From Far East to Middle East and Europe and America, Zoroastrian texts are kept in well known libraries, as human heritage. Meanwhile, India has a special situation. Aside from the links of the Vedic and Gathas age, India welcomed the Iranian Zoroastrian immigrants in the days after the Sassanid reign. Thus, a large part of the cultural documents of Iran were transferred to India during the last millennium.
Investigating and introducing these documents has an important role in clarifying the dark angles of the history of Zoroastrianism. In this paper, the importance of one of these documents is expressed: The Adharu Kersasp's verse which well shows that how Parsi Calendar sects were formed at the end of the yazdgirdi 12th century

Abstract The increase of some ritual and mythical concepts about trees has tied them to specific meanings and beliefs. One of these trees is the talking tree, which has a long history and has a wide presence in the art of different ethnic groups in the world, especially in Eastern cultures such as India. The aim of this study was to analyze the visual characteristics and visual qualities of the talking tree motif in Persian and Arabic versions of Qazwini's Wonders of Creation (Ajā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt) depicted in India and to analyze their similarities and differences. Accordingly, the research questions are: 1- What are the visual qualities used in the talking tree motif in the Persian and Arabic versions of Qazwini's Wonders of Creation depicted in India? 2- What are the aspects of similarities and differences in the talking tree motif in Persian and Arabic versions of Qazwini's Wonders of Creation depicted in India? The research method is descriptive-analytic and the data are collected using library resources. The statistical population of this research includes 11 images of six versions of Persian and Arabic Qazwini's Wonders of Creation.

Abstract “Tiraz” is a Persian word that originally is given to the textile which is decorated either by embroidery or woven inscription. The presence of inscription gave this types of textile a capacity of political propaganda. The inscriptions of Tiraz itself is a valuable documentation which reflect the political-religious life of the Islamic era. This article aimed to study the media appropriateness of "Tiraz" and "literature" by study the relationship "motif" in Ray Tiraz and Central Asia collection. Many of the known Ale-Buyid silk textile were found in ancient city of Ray. The Ray city is located on the Silk road and play the rule of connecting the west and the east parts of this road. In this paper, the geometric order and divisions of Ray textiles and Central Asia are analyzed. The geometric system of these styles are: Number of lines, Line spacing, The relationship between the width and height of the inscription. The Tiraz inscriptions in the studied were linear, curved, polygonal and in combination with the pattern.Question of this research: How to transfer the geometry of Iranian textile patterns along the Silk Road and how to arrange the lines And what geometric principles are used in scaling This research in benefited of a descriptive-analytical and historical approach. The results show that a precise pattern such as radical 2 proportions was used to organize and combine text and images. This pattern was transmitted along the Silk Road to Central Asia and was seen in Central Asian fabrics.

Abstract For a long time, kinds of showmanship have been held for entertainment in Iran each of which has its own procedure. In this article, while referring to the dramatic showmanship, their kinds and styles will be addressed from the perspective of orientalists andtravel writers. The benefit of this study is to clarify the dimensions of the showmanship widely spread in parts of Iran. Sometimes travel writers have referred to some details in the performances which are very enlightening, details less indicated in Iranian sources and texts since Iranian writers have been familiar with the phenomenon, they have kept themselves from mentioning the details. In this article, with regard to the works of 25 Orientalists and travel writers, and also based on Persian works and texts, the dimensions of Iranian showmanship have been clarified. In this study, it turns out that some of the dramatic rituals in Iran have a long history, and others have been completely forgotten or altered. From these rituals there are terms and words have been remained in the language of the people, which are not clear for us due to the disappearance of their ritual. Not only such studies introduce us to popular culture and past life, they are some grounds for the study of dramatic literature.
 

Abstract One of the methods for reading the image is the Panofsky method, in which iconography is linked with iconology, and a journey into the depths of Iran's painting art, which is a window to culture, ancient history, myths and beliefs of Iranians, can be traced. In the study of the position of man and objects used in the images of the three stories of Zahhak, Rostam, Sohrab and Bijan from Tahmazabi's Shahnameh, mace Gaussar’s is observed and this question arises in the mind why the ghosts in their hands are bulls, and the monographs Safadi has a message in creating it. In this paper, we have tried to find a meaningful and meaningful image and function in the image with a comparative look and using the Panofsky pattern. The information in this article is collected by the library method and its research method is analytical-descriptive. Finally, there are two glances about the Gaussar’s Mace. The first  weapon that will help the warrior in the battle and prevent the enemy's infiltration. Second, because Friedman draws it down and orders the blacksmiths, it refers to the bronze age and iron and rich resources in our land. Regarding the atmosphere of the Safavid era, the painter also sees himself in the epic space of the poet, as if the pen was in his hand as a wand, and he drove the balloon to the ground and knocked down the ground to wake the crowd.  

Abstract The present article, with a structural approach, and by classification of hadiths assigned to Holiness Prophet Muhammad (S) and the Innocent Imams (A) on Writing and Calligraphy, considering historical periods of issuance of each hadith, is allocated to this question that what periods and processes of the history of science in Islamic civilization, in particular, in its first centuries, are explainable by analyzing Writing and Calligraphy hadiths . Based on such analysis, one can understand better the cultural and artistic developments of golden ages of Islamic World, i.e., Third to Fifth Hijri centuries.

The prophet's hadiths confirms the Revelation writing, public education, moral and spiritual training of the writers, and emphasizing on basic education of handwriting encouraging beautiful writing and calligraphy. However, symbols of flourishing of Islamic civilization, such as unexampled evolution of Islamic scripts, researchers, development of sciences, creation of calligraphy jobs, and excellent writing of Quran, were gradually embodied in Ahl-e Beit's (the Innocents') Hadiths, which proves the development of Culture and Sciences in Islamic Civilization.

Abstract Baghdad was built as the new city and capital of the Abbasids by Mansour. Baghdad has played a role as the political, economic, cultural and scientific capital, and it was one of the most important cities derived from the ideals of the king powers as urban planning patterns. Therefore, the study of Baghdad planning and analysis of urban structure is important. Written research about history of Baghdad has been done, but the innovation of this article is analyzing the structure of Baghdad in physical, political, economic and social dimensions. So, using the descriptive-historical research method, the structure of Baghdad was analyzed. The results show that circular Baghdad design is influenced by the worldview governing the macro structure and functional details, and it is interpretation of the concept of city-power (centrality of the world empire), city-state (capital of government), city-market (expansion of trade routes) and city-people (cultural movements and social groups).